Sources & Bibliography
We base factual claims on reliable, checkable sources and keep this list current as the site grows.
Calculation & characters
- Standard Abjad numeral tables (Mashriqi / Eastern and Maghribi / Western orders).
- Unicode Standard: Arabic character definitions and behavior.
History & background
- Encyclopaedic and academic references on Abjad numerals and the history of alphanumeric notation.
- Recognized works on Arabic, Persian and Urdu writing traditions and chronograms.
How we cite
Individual pages cite the specific source for any historical claim, value table, or quotation used on that page. We do not present traditional beliefs as established fact, and we mark any rule that still requires authoritative verification. See our Editorial Policy.
[Add full bibliographic entries and links to the specific editions/pages you rely on as content is published.]
Last updated: 14 September 2026.